讲义五
Text A The New Music
I.课文简介
六十年代后期在美国和英国几乎同时出现的新音乐，它来源于已经存在的三种音乐形式：布鲁斯blues，摇滚乐rock‘n roll和民间音乐folk music.这三种旧的音乐各自有其特点。
新音乐从这三种以及其他的音乐形式中自由地吸取元素，并发展成一种全新的、更具表现力的音乐，它采取全新的电子乐器和扬声器技术，加上灯光背景效果，使听众融入整个音乐氛围当中。
本文从三个方面分别介绍了新音乐与旧音乐的不同点
Para.1 The three existing music forms had their characteristics respectively.
Paras.2-4 The new music originated from the existing music forms but differs from them in three main respects.
II.New Words
1.blues n. 布鲁斯（源于美国南部黑人之中抑郁伤感的曲调）
2.rock‘n’roll n. 摇滚乐
3.folk n./a.人们，家属；民间的
4.musician n. 音乐家，作曲家
5.transformation n. 变化，转化；改造
6.rhythmic a. 有韵律的，有节奏的
7.musically ad. 在音乐方面；好听地
8.distinct a. 与其他不同的，独特的
9.consciousness n. 意识，知觉；
10.youthful a. 年轻的，朝气蓬勃的
11.anti-war a. 反战的
12.sentiment n. 感情，情绪
13.spontaneous a.自发的，本能的，自动的
14.originate vi./vt. 发源；发生
15.imitator n. 模仿者
16.Negro n./a. 黑人，黑人的
17.eclecticism n. 折中主义
18.synthesis n. 结合，合成
19.jazz n. 爵士乐
20.readily ad.乐意地，很快地，容易地
21.limitless a. 无限制的，无限的
22.instrument n. 仪器，乐器
23.electronic a.电子的
24.amplifier n.放大器
25.guitar n.六弦琴，吉他
26.electronics n.电子学
27.studio n.工作室；播音室
28.penetrating a.穿透的，贯穿的，深刻的
29.thereby ad.由此，从而
30.passive a.被动的；消极的
31.participant n./a.参加者，参与的
32.multimedia a./n. 多种手段的，多媒体的
33.ballroom n. 舞厅
34.lighting n.照明，照明设备
Phrases and Expressions
1.to take place 发生
2.to take over 接管，接任
3.to take on 具有，担任，雇佣
Proper Name
Beatlle 披头士摇滚乐队
San Francisco 旧金山
Bob Dylan 鲍伯。狄伦
Jefferson Airplane 杰佛逊飞机
词汇精讲
rock‘n’roll＝rock and roll or rocking and reeling 摇滚乐
folk n. 家属，亲属
How are all your folks？
Jazz 爵士乐
Rap music 说唱乐
Pop music 流行乐
Classical music 古典音乐
Music musician 音乐家
Musical 音乐的 musically adv.
rhythmic adj. 节奏的
rhythm n.节奏，韵律
rhyme n. 压韵
distinct ： a.独特的，明显的
派生词：distinction n. 区分，辨别，分清
用法：distinct … from ：区分于…
Gold is distinct form iron. 金不同于铁。
I saw three distinct objects in the distance， but I cannot identify them .
我清楚地看到远处的3个物体，但不能分辨是什么东西。
consciousness ： n. 意识，知觉，觉悟
派生词：conscious a. 有意识的，有知觉的；consciously ad. 有意识地，自觉地
subconscious a. 潜意识的
He lost consciousness after his accident and never recovered it.
发生事故后，他失去了知觉，再也没有恢复。
Working in an unemployment office had helped to raise his political consciousness.
在失业办公室工作使他的政治觉悟得到提高。
Were you conscious of his hostility？ 你有没有意识到他的敌意？
anti-slavery anti- 表反对，抗，排斥
anti-SARS 抗非典的 anti-Virus 反病毒的
sentiment的同义词：feeling，但前者指比较细腻的感情；而feeling一般指感觉
spontaneous：a.自发的，本能的，自动的
Her speech seemed spontaneous， but was in fact carefully prepared beforehand.
她的演讲看起来是即兴的，但实际上事先经过了精心准备。
A crowd of people gathered spontaneously at the scene of the accident.
一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。
a group of 一群
originate vt.
original a. 独到的
originality n. 独创，原始
Negro＝black people 黑人 ；white people 白人
readily ： 乐意地，很快地，容易地
The younger mechanic readily fixed the car. 年轻的机修工很快地把车修好了。
She readily accepted his proposal of marriage.她乐意地接受了他的求婚。
词根：-less ，-ic， -cs
thereby：adv. 由此，从而
She wished to travel abroad and thereby she could learn about different customs.
她希望能去国外旅游，从而了解不同的风俗习惯。
He became a citizen， thereby gaining the right to vote. 他成了一名公民，由此获得了选举权。
passive ： 被动的，消极的
反义词：active a. 积极的，活跃的 You are passive when you allow things to happen， but do nothing . 当你让这些事发生，而不做任何事来阻止它，你是消极的。
participant ： 参加者，参与者
派生词：participate v. 参加，参与；participation n. 参加
All participants finishing the race will receive a medal. 所有完成比赛的参与者都将得到一枚奖牌。相关用法：participate in 参与
We should actively participate in the mass sports activities. 我们应该积极参加群众性体育活动。
1.to take place： 发生
take place = happen
Great changes have taken place over the past 20 years. 在过去的20年里，中国发生了巨大的变化。
The strike didn‘t take place after all. 罢工没有发生。
区别：take place 与take the place of
take place“发生”；而take the place of“代替”；
例如：Do you think the robots can take the place of man‘s tasks ？
你认为机器人能代替人的工作吗？
to take over：接管，接任
He is going to take over my job while I am on holiday. 我去度假时他将接替我的工作。
This large company has taken over many small ones. 这个大公司已经接管许多小公司。
to take on 具有；担任（工作等）；雇佣
Don‘t take on more than you can do .不要接受你担负不了的任务。
The city took on a festive air. 这个城市呈现出了一派节日气氛。
The firm took on a new clerk .公司雇了个新职员。
III.课文精讲
第一部分：para.1
The new music was built out of materials already in existence： bules， rock‘n’roll， folk music. But although the forms remained， something completely new and original was made out of these older elements - more original， perhaps， than even the new musicians themselves yet realize. The transformation took place in 1966- 1967. Up to that time， the blues had been an essentially black medium. Rock‘n’roll， a blues derivative， was rhythmic dance music. Folk music， old and modern， was popular among college students. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct， and even as late as 1965， none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness. Blues expressed black soul； rock was the beat of youthful energy； and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.
1.in existence 表示现有的，已有的。was build out of 是词组表示“从…当中产生”。
2.“although … remained” 是让步状语从句。
“completely new and original” 是一个后置定语，修饰“something”。
本句意思：是虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的
成分中脱颖而出的——它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性。
3.Up to that time ，the blues had been an essentially black medium. Rock‘n’roll，
a blues derivative， was rhythmic dance music.
Up to that time， 意为“到那个时候（即新音乐产生时）为止”，表示“过去的过去”，所以谓语用过去完成时。a blues derivative 为 rock‘n’roll 的同位语。
4.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct，and even as late as 1965，none of them were expressing any radically new state of consciousness.
musically and culturally distinct 意思是“在音乐上和文化上都是不同的”
new state of consciousness 指新的意识状态
本句意思是：新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯，摇滚乐，民间音乐中产生的。
第二部分 paras.2-4
Para.2
In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation. In the United States， it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco. In England， it was led by the Beatles， who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group. What happened， as well as it can be put into words， was this. . First the separate musical traditions were brought together. Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock， folk ideas with a rock beat.White rock groups began experimenting with the blues. Of course， white musicians had always played the blues， but essentially as imitators of the Negro style； now it began to be the white bands‘ own music. And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synthesis. They freely took over elements from jazz， from America country music， and as time went on from even more diverse sources .What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.
5.In England， it was led by the Beatles， who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group.
be established as 意为“被确认为”
全句大意为“在英国，这个潮流是由披头士摇滚乐队领导的，该乐队已经得到广泛认可，是一支非常优秀且极富个性的乐队。”
6.what happened ， as well as it can be put into words， was this.
as well as 像 … 一样好，比较结构，to put into words“用文字表达”
大意为“发生的情况，如果能用文字表达，就是这样。”
7.First the separate musical traditions were brought together.
新音乐的第一个特点：将各种分离的音乐传统结合到一起。
8.They freely took over elements from jazz， from America country music，and as time went on from even more diverse sources.
and 后面的并列句中可以看作是省略了“they freely took over elements.”
“as time went on”表示“随着时间推移”，as 是连词，而“readily taking on various forms” 和 “capable of an almost limitless range of expression” 分别为现在分词短语和形容词短语作定语，修饰music.
本句意思是，他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分，而随着时间的推移，他们甚至对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄。
9.What happened was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression .
What happened 是主语从句。 readily taking on various forms 是现在分词短语和形容词短语 capable of an almost limitless range of expression .都是作定语，修饰 music.
全句大意是“最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的，几乎有无穷的表现力的新音乐”
Para.3
新音乐的第二个特点：广泛使用电子乐器及电子放大器技术
The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers. The electric guitar was an old instrument， but the new electronic effects were altogether different - so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been any sounds like that in the world before. Electronics did， in fact， make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.And in studio recordings， new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume， the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand， and thereby achieving a “total” effect， so that instead of an audience of passive listeners， there were now audiences of total participants， feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.
10.The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers.
句中“that happened”是一个定语从句，修饰“the second thing.” .
后一个“that”引导表语从句。
本句意思是：发生的第二件事是所有乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扬声器技术。
11.so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been any sounds like that in the world before.
本句中有三个that， 第一个引导结果状语从句，第二个引导表语从句，第三个是指示代词，指的是电吉他发出的声音。注意表语从句中用的时态是过去完成时，说明电吉他的效果与1967 年前大不相同。
12.Electronics did， in fact， make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.
did make 为强调形式。 possible 在句中作宾语补语，提前到宾语sounds前，因为它有一个较长的定语从句修饰。
13.And in studio recordings， new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.
本句的顺序应为“In studio recordings， new techniques made effects that not even an electronic band could produce live possible”。“effects …live” 是made 的宾语，其中that 引导定语从句，修饰effect ， 而possible 则是effects 的宾语补足语。因为effects 带有一个定语从句，从句比较长，为避免句子不平衡，因此把possible 提前。本句意思是在录音室录制时，新技术有可能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演时也演奏不出的效果。
14.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume， the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand， and thereby achieving a “total” effect， so that instead of an audience of passive listeners， there were now audiences of total participants， feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.
分词独立结构：the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand 在句中作伴随状语。 music 是 becoming 的逻辑主语，so that 相当于结果状语从句。 feeling 现在分词短语作伴随状语。
Para.4
新音乐的第三个特点：音乐成为整个环境的一部分
Third， the music becomes a multi-media experience； a part of a total environment. The walls of the ballrooms were covered with changing patterns of light， the beginning of the new art of the light show. And the audience did not sit， it danced. With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could， and heightened the whole experience by using drugs. Often music was played out of doors， where nature provided the environment.
15.句中 “with records at home”是with + 名词+介词短语结构，作方式状语。
“heightened the whole experience” 指“使整个体验更刺激”。
本句意思是在家里欣赏唱片时候听众尽力模仿照明效果，甚至服用毒品来增强整个音乐享受的快感。 附：重点句
1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence： bules， rock‘n’roll， folk music.
2.But although the forms remained， something completely new and original was made out of these older elements - more original， perhaps， than even the new musicians themselves yet realize.
3.Up to that time， the blues had been an essentially black medium.
4.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct， and even as late as 1965， none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness.
5.In England， it was led by the Beatles， who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group.
6.What happened， as well as it can be put into words， was this. They freely took over elements from jazz， from America country music， and as time went on from even more diverse sources .What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.
7.The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers. The electric guitar was an old instrument， but the new electronic effects were altogether different - so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been any sounds like that in the world before. Electronics did， in fact， make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.And in studio recordings， new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume， the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand， and thereby achieving a “total” effect， so that instead of an audience of passive listeners， there were now audiences of total participants， feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.
8.With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could， and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.
Text B Different Types Of Composers
I.New Words
Title分析：composers ：作曲家。
musician 音乐家
1.composer n. 作曲家
2.inspire vt. 1.鼓舞；2.使产生灵感
3.fruitful a. 有成果的，有收获的
4.output n. 1.产量；2.输出
5.theme n. 1.题目，主题；2.主旋律
6.invariably ad. 不变地
7.improvise vt. 1.即兴创作；2.临时准备，临时凑成
8.symphony n. 1.交响曲，交响乐；2.交响乐队，交响音乐会
9.handle n. 柄，把手
vt.1.拿，弄；2.运用，操纵；3.经营，管理
10.constructive a……建设的，建设性的
11.creative a.创造性的
12.notebook n.笔记本
13.preliminary a.预备的；初步的
n.初试；预赛
14.painstaking a. 苦干的；费力的
15.traditionalist n. 传统主义者；因循守旧者
16.thematic a.1.题目的，主题的；2.主旋律的
17.conception n. 概念，观念
18.well-established a.1.固定下来的；2.得到确认的
19.temper vt. 1.[冶]使回火，锻炼；2.调合
20.well（-）tempered 1.脾气好的；2.（键盘乐器）调到平均律的
21.clavichord n.[音]击弦古钢琴
22.mold（=mould） n.模子；模型
vt. 用模子做，浇铸
23.sake n.缘故
24.completeness n.1.完整，圆满；2.完成，结束
25.summarize vt./vi.概述，总结
26.diversified a.多样化的
27.conventional a.1.惯例的，常规的；2.（艺术等）因袭的
28.experimental a.实验的；经验的
29.harmony n. 1.协调，和谐；2.融洽，一致
30.sonority n.响亮，洪亮
31.evident a.明显的，明白的
Phrases and Expressions
1.in other words 换句话说
2.in a sense 在某种意义上
3.at a stretch 连续不断地
4.to serve as 适合
5.to belong in 应归入（类别、范畴等）
6.in advance 1.在前面；2.预先
7.It goes without saying that 不言而喻，理所当然
8.for the sake of 为了…之好处；为了…的目的
重点词汇精讲
1.inspire： 鼓舞，使产生灵感
His qualities of leadership inspired his followers. 他的领袖风范激励着他的追随者。
The design of the car has inspired many imitations. 这辆轿车的设计引起了众多模仿。
2.fruitful： 有成果的，有收获的
派生词：fruit n.水果
3.theme ： 题目，主题
thematic 主体的
Does the conference have a central theme this year？ 今年大会有中心议题吗？
4.handle： 柄，把手；运用，操纵；经营，管理
If you can‘t handle the job I’ll get someone else to do it. 如果你应付不了这个工作，我就让别人来做。
Who handles the marketing in your company？
谁在你们公司里负责市场营销？
词组：
1.in a sense ： 在某种意义上
She‘s right， in a sense， because we did agree to wait， but only until June. 她在某种意义上是对的，因为我们确实同意等待，但只等到六月。
2.at stretch ： 连续不断地，一口气地
at a stretch stretch v. 伸展 n. 一段连续时间
There‘s no way I could work for ten hours at a stretch. 我不可能连续不断地工作10个小时。
3.to serve as ：适合，用作
In the absence of anything better， the sofa would serve as a bed for a couple of nights.
在没有更好的东西情况下，这个沙发可以当作床睡几个晚上。
4.for the sake of ： 为了… 的目的； 为了 … 起见，由于 … 缘故
The company had decided to close down this department for the sake of economy.
为了节约，这个公司已经决定关闭这个部门。
We did it for convenience‘s sake. 我们是为了方便才这样做的。
II.课文分析
1.I can see three different types of composers in musical history， each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.
本句分析：我认为音乐史上可以区分三种不同类型的作曲家，每种作曲家音乐创作手法也各有一定的不同。
in a … fashion ： 用…… 方式
The type that has fired public imagination most is that of the spontaneously inspired composer- the Franz Schubert type ，in other words. All composers are inspired， of course， but this type is more spontaneously inspired. Music simply wells out of him. He can‘t get it down on paper fast enough. You are almost tell this type of composer by his fruitful output. In certain months， Schubert wrote a song a day. Hugo Wolf did the same.
2.Music simply wells out of him.
well v. 喷涌，涌出
In a sense， men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition. They invariably work best in the shorter forms. It is much easier to improvise a song than it is to improvise a symphony. It isn‘t easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long periods at a stretch. Even Schubert was more successful in handling the shorter forms of music. The spontaneously inspired man is only one type of composer， with his own limitations.
3.In a sense， men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition.
从一定意义上说，这些作曲家与其说是从某一音乐主题开始创作，不如说他们一开始就有一个完整作品成竹在胸。 not so much … as ： 与其… 不如…
He is not so much a scientist as a poet.
与其说他是个科学家，不如说他是个诗人。
4.It isn‘t easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long period at a stretch.
连续很长时间使自己的灵感都处于不自主状态绝非易事。
at a stretch 一口气地，不休息地
Beethoven belongs to the second type-the constructive type， one might call it. This type serves as an example of my theory of the creative process in music better than any other， because in this case the composer really does begin with a musical theme. In Beethoven‘s case there is no doubt about it， for we have the notebooks in which he put the themes down. We can see from his notebooks how he worked over his themes -how he would not let them be until they were as perfect as he could make them. Beethoven was not a spontaneously inspired composer in the Schubert sense at all. He was the type that begins with a theme； makes it a preliminary idea； and upon that composes a musical work， day after day， in painstaking fashion. Most composers since Beethoven’s day belong to this second type.
5.belong to 属于，列入，是 … 的一员
Beethoven belongs to the second type-the constructive type. 贝多芬属于第二类作曲家
Most composers since Beethoven‘s day belong to this second type.
自Beethoven时代以来，大多数作曲家属于这第二种类型。（创造型）
That dictionary belongs to me .那本词典是我的。
The third type of composer I can only call， for lack of a better name， the traditionalist type. Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category. They both are characteristic of the kind of composer who is born in a particular period of musical history， when a certain musical style is abut to reach its fullest development. It is a question at such a time of creating music in a well-known and accepted style and doing it in a way that is better than anyone has done it before you.
6.belong in 属于 … （一类）， 归入 …（范畴、环境、类别等）
Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category.
像 Palestrina 和 Bach 这样的人属于此类范畴（传统型）
Big dogs should belong in the country ， not the city. 大型犬（养）在农村而不是城市。
The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern. And even Bach， who composed forty-eight of the most various and inspired themes in his Well Tempered Clavichord， knew in advance the general formal mold that they were to fill. It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditionalist period nowadays.
7.The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme.
传统主义类型的作曲家的创作开始于模式而不是主题
8.It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditionalist period nowadays.
不用说，我们现在已不是生活在传统主义的时期……
One might add， for the sake of completeness， a fourth type of composer -the pioneer type： men like Gesualdo in the seventeenth century， Moussorgsky and Berlioz in the nineteenth， Debussy and Edgar Varese in the twentieth. It is difficult to summarize the composing methods of so diversified a group. One can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of the traditionalist type. They clearly oppose conventional solutions of musical problems. In many ways， their attitude is experimental - they seek to add new harmonies， new sonorities， new formal principles. The pioneer type was the characteristic one at the turn of the seventeenth century and also at the beginning of the twentieth century， but it is much less evident today.
9.One might add， for the sake of completeness， a fourth type of composer -the pioneer type：
为了全面起见，还可以加上第四种类型——先锋型
for the sake of 为了 … 起见，由于 … 缘故
10.One can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of the traditionalist type.
可以有把握的说，他们创作的方法与传统主义者类型相反。
approach to 通往 … 的方法， approach v. n. 处理，探讨，方法，态度
语 法 语 序
一、语 序
主语用S表示，谓语用V表示；如果谓语动词为不及物动词，则用vi表示；
如果谓语为系动词（link），则后面跟表语，用C表示；如果谓语动词为及物动词，
则用vt表示，后面要跟宾语，用O表示。
（一）主语和谓语的位置 P.126
1.自然语序 主语+ 谓语 + 宾语或表语或状语
2.倒装语序（部分倒装、全部倒装）
There are some books on the table.
Do you have a book？
Have you ever seen the film？
（1）语法结构引起的倒装
a.由there， now， thus， then引起的某些句子。
b.由so， neither， nor 引出，表示前面所说的情况同样也适用于另一人或物的肯定句或否定句。
c.省略了if 的虚拟条件句。
d.在某些让步状语从句中。
e.在某些表示祝愿的句子中。
f.以never， little， not only，not until， hardly， scarcely， only 等表示否定或基本否定的词引出的句子中。
（2）为了表达效果修辞引起的倒装
（二）宾语的位置 P.130
a.宾语在多数情况下紧跟在谓语动词后面。如果有两个宾语，间接宾语通常放在直接宾语的前面。
b.当谓语动词加副词构成的短语动词（如： give up， carry on 等）担任时，如果宾语较短，特别是当宾语是代词时，一般插在短语动词之间。
c.在下列情况下宾语通常放在主语前面。
在特殊疑问句中，当宾语是由疑问词表示或修饰时。
在感叹句中，当宾语是由what 等词修饰时。
在从句中，当宾语由一个连接代词或关系代词表示或修饰时。
（三）定语的位置 P.132
定语有时放在它所修饰的词的前面，有时放在后面。
a.当定语由一个形容词或分词担任时，通常放在它所修饰的词的前面。
b.当定语由短语或从句担任时，一般放在它所修饰的词的后面。
c.当一个词由多个定语修饰时，要注意他们后面的前后顺序。
（四）状语的位置 P.134
a.修饰动词的状语多数放在这个动词的后面；如果这个动词带有宾语，状语就放在这个宾语的后面，若宾语较长，而状语较短，一般就把状语放在宾语的前面。
b.当一个动词同时由时间状语荷地点状语修饰时，时间状语一般放在地点状语之后
c.如果一个动词带有两个时间状语或地点状语，代表较小单位的状语通常放在前面
d.较长的状语一般放在较短的状语之后。
e.有时状语可插在主语和谓语之间。
二、分词独立结构（多用于书面语，分词在句中作时间、条件、伴随、原因状语）
1.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语一致
When waiting for the bus ， we had a long talk .
Hearing the news ， they all jumped with joy .
If translated word by word ， the sentence will be meaningless.
2.分词隐含的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致（独立结构）
The holidays being over， they began to do their work again .
Her body， with hands and feet bound， was discovered by a hiker on March 17.
with+名词＋过去分词
三、练 习
（一）单词、词组英译汉
musician rhythmic distinct consciousness originate readily instrument electronic thereby passive participant
to take place to take over to take on in a sense
at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of
（二）英译汉
1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence.
2.Folk music， old and modern， was popular among college students.
3.They freely took over elements form jazz， from American country music.
4.With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.
5.In a sense， men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition.
6.Most composers since Beethoven‘s day belong to this second type.
7.Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category.
（三）汉译英
这一章是关于热能转化成动力的。
The chapter is about the transformation of heat into power.
一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。
A group of people got together spontaneously at the scene of the accident.
这次争吵是由误会引起的。
The quarrel originated from a misunderstanding.
1949年后，军队接管了这个城市。
The army took over this city after 1949.
为了你的健康，你不应该承担太繁重的工作。
For your health，you should avoid taking on too much work.
（四）历年考题
1.In the process of composition ， it isn‘t easy to be inspired in a spontaneous way for long periods _____ a stretch……
A. at
B. for
C. over
D. in
答案是A.
考点：词组 at a stretch 一口气，连续不断的
2.汉译英 新音乐是由业已存在的材料构建出来的。
The new music was built out of materials already in existence.
3.汉译英：那时在大学生中流行的正是民间音乐。
It was folk music that was popular among college students at that time.
4.汉译英：不用说我们现在已不是生活在传统社会。
It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society.
