阅读理解精选篇法律类
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit62
It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit: Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.
Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15,000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks "creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance".
The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again.
注（1）：本文选自Economist; 11/24/2001, Vol. 361 Issue 8249, p58, 1/2p
注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象2001年真题text 5（其中因2001年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第5题模仿参照对象为1999年 Text 1的第4题。）
1. Which of the following is not true according to Paragraph 1?
[A]Consumers and free traders were very angry.
[B]Only the Levi’s maker can decide the prices of the jeans.
[C] The ruling has protected Levi’s from price dumping.
[D] Levi’s jeans should be sold at a high price .
2. Gucci’s success shows that _______.
[A]Gucci has successfully saved its own image.
[B] It has changed its fate with its own effort.
[C]Opening its own stores is the key to success.
[D] It should be the court’s duty to save its image.
3. The word “specious”(line 12, paragraph 2) in the context probably means _______.
[A]responsible for oneself
[B] having too many doubts
[C] not as it seems to be
[D]raising misunderstanding
4. According to the passage, the doomed fate of Levi’s is caused by such factors except that ________.
[A]the rivals are competitive
[B]it fails to command premium prices
[C]market forces have their own rules
[D]the court fails to give some help
5. The author’s attitude towards Levi’s prospect seems to be _______.
[A] biased
[B] indifferent
[C] puzzling
[D] objective
答案：BBCDD
篇章剖析
本文的结构形式为提出问题----分析问题。在第一段首先提出问题,指出欧洲法庭对特易购超市做出的裁决。第二段指出当事方对同一事件的不同看法和解释。第三段指出争论的核心问题在于是否应该借助法庭达到一些商业目的，并以古奇（Gucci）为例说明答案为否定。第四段对利维（Levi’s）的前景做出了评价和分析。
词汇注释
seething [`si:TIN] adj.沸腾的, 火热的
foul [faJl]adj.下流的，粗俗的：
segment [5se^mEnt]v.分割
innovation [InE5veIF(E)n] n.改革, 创新
specious [5spi:FEs] adj. 似是而非的; 似乎正确的，但实际却是谬误的
arbitrage [5B:bItrIdV] v. 套汇, 套利交易
with a vengeance [5vendVEns]猛烈地;极度地
licensing [5laIsEnsIN] n.注册登记
discount [5dIskaJnt] n.折扣
resort [rI5zC:t] vi.求助, 诉诸
premium [5pri:mIEm] n.额外费用, 奖金, 奖赏, 保险费, (货币兑现的)贴水
难句突破
1.Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice.
主体句式：Levi Strauss persuaded that …
结构分析：that之后是一个宾语从句；by之后的句子做伴随状语来修饰宾语从句；宾语从句中which又引导了一个非限制性定语从句。
句子译文：利维•斯图尔斯公司使法庭相信，泰斯科把利维牛仔服与肥皂粉、香蕉等放在一起廉价销售这一做法正在损害其形象，因而也影响到其品牌价位，这势必会使产品缺乏新意，最终导致消费者可选范围大大缩小。
题目分析
1．答案为B，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是“…should not be allowed … to sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker.”意思是“只有事先经过牛仔裤生产商的同意才能打折销售。”是否只有生产商才能决定价格，我们不得而知。
2．答案为B，属推理判断题。文中提到问题的实质是“whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this.”后又以古奇(Gucci) “saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.”为例，说明它的成功并不是诉诸法庭，而是通过自身的努力和尝试。
3．答案为C ，属猜词题。第二段开头提出了利维公司（Levi’s）对特易购（Tesco）的指责，后又提出了特易购的反驳意见，前后两者之间的观点应该是相反的。从而可猜出该词的含义。
4．答案为D，属推理判断题。原文对应信息是最后一段。
5．答案为D，属情感态度题。作者没有任何偏颇的阐述整个事件。
参考译文
法庭的裁决使消费者感到义愤填膺，也使很多人认为这对自由贸易者来说显然是一桩违规裁决。11月20日，欧洲法庭对泰斯科(Tesco)这家英国连锁超市做出了如下判决：泰斯科不能从欧盟之外的国家进口利维•斯图尔斯公司生产的牛仔裤；未经牛仔制造商的许可，不得减价销售。具有讽刺意味的是，这项裁决是根据一道欧盟商标指令做出的。该指令的目的在于保护本地、而非美国制造商免受价格倾销造成的损害。其内涵是，任何一家拥有自己品牌的公司都可给自己的产品定位，并以适当的方式分割市场，比如利维牛仔裤，它必须像古姿(Gucci)牌手提包一样高价销售。
利维•斯图尔斯公司使法庭相信，泰斯科把利维牛仔服与肥皂粉、香蕉等放在一起廉价销售这一做法正在损害其形象，因而也影响到其品牌价位，这势必会使产品缺乏新意，最终导致消费者可选范围大大缩小。消费者团体和泰斯科却认为，利维公司一案(的判决)貌似有理，实则不然。泰斯科争辩说，它只是从美国和欧洲销售利维牛仔服装的差价中套利。这是一种在金融市场天天进行上百万次、并使消费者真正受益的商业行为。泰斯科一直以低于利维•斯图尔斯公司授权专卖店一半的价格每周销售15,000条牛仔裤。泰斯科公司全球非食品类商品采购主管克里斯廷·克罗斯认为，这一裁决会冒“设置欧洲堡垒”的巨大风险。
这场激烈的争论还将继续进行下去，所涉及的范围将远远超出休闲服装业(季诺·大卫多夫香水制造商也和利维·斯图尔斯联手起诉)。核心问题不在于品牌是否需要通过控制销售方式来维护其形象，而在于法院是否有责任来帮助其达到这一目的。意大利品牌服饰公司古姿公司—由于许可经营管理松懈和其商品在折扣店里过度曝光，其形象正在受到损害—并没有依靠法庭，而是通过中止与第三方供应商的合同、更好的控制商品销售，以及开专卖店等方式挽救了自己的命运。现在已经很难找到打折销售古姿产品的地方了。
品牌专家认为，利维•斯图尔斯公司正在逐步丧失其市场占有率，而让位于像迪赛(Diesel)这样市场信息颇为灵通的竞争对手。利维•斯图尔斯公司已无力控制品牌溢价。在市场机制的作用下，像利维这样的一般品牌很有可能逐渐消失，进而被新的品牌所取代。由于其价格受到法庭保护，利维•斯图尔斯公司可能会再维持一段时间，但是没有任何一个法庭会使它起死回生，再度成为知名品牌。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit63
A white kid sells a bag og cocaine at his suburban high school. A Latino kid does the same in his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first-time offenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents, his priest, a good lawyer-and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom, no legal resources and no insurance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family; he's placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. He's detained.
There, in a nutshell, is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts, young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. "Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are, tried as adults," says Dan Macallair, a co-author of the new study. "California has a double standard: throw kids of color behind bars, but .rehabilitate white kids who commit comparable crimes."
Even as juvenile crime has declined from its peak in the early 1990s, headline grabbing violence by minors has intensified a get-tough attitude. Over the past six years, 43 states have passed laws that make it easier to try juveniles as adults. In Texas and Connecticut in 1996, the latest year for which figures are available, all the juveniles in jails were minorities. Vincent Schiraldi, the Justice Policy Institute's director, concedes that "some kids need to be tried as adults. But most can be rehabilitated."
Instead, adult prisons tend to brutalize juveniles. They are eight times more likely to commit suicide and five times more likely to be sexually abused than offenders held in juvenile detention. "Once they get out, they tend to commit more crimes and more violent crimes," says Jenni Gainsborough, a spokeswoman for the Sentencing Project, a reform group in Washington. The system, in essence, is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities.
注（1）本文选自By Anamaria Wilson Time; 02/14/2000, Vol. 155 Issue 6, p68, 1/3p
注（2）本文习题命题模仿对象1997年真题text 5（其中因1997年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第4题模仿参照对象为1999年 Text 4的第4题。）
1. From the first paragraph we learn that _________.
[A]the white kid is more lucky than the minority kid
[B]the white kid has got a lot of help than the minority kid
[C]the white kid and minority kid has been treated differently
[D]the minority kid should be set free at once.
2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
[A]Kids shouldn’t be tried as adults.
[B] Discrimination exists in the justice system.
[C]Minority kids are likely to commit crimes.
[D] States shouldn’t pass the laws.
3. The word “skyrocket” (Line 13, Paragraph 2) means ________.
[A]rising sharply
[B]widening suddenly
[C]spreading widely
[D]expanding quickly
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] something seems to be wrong with the justice system
[B]adult prisons have bad influence on the juveniles
[C] juveniles in adult prison are ill-treated
[D]the career criminals are trained by the system
5. The passage shows that the author is _________ the present situation.
[A] amazed at
[B]puzzled by
[C]disappointed at
[D] critical of
答案：CBAAD
篇章剖析
本文的结构形式为提出问题----分析问题。在第一段首先提出问题,以一个案例为切入点，对比白人少年与有色人种少年受到的不同待遇。第二段和第三段用事实进一步说明司法机关对有色人种的青少年的歧视以及他们受到的不公正待遇。第四段阐述了司法机关的这一做法造成的不良影响。
词汇注释
offender [E5fendE(r)] n.罪犯, 冒犯者
coverage [5kQvErIdV]n.保险项目；保险范围
option [5RpF(E)n]n.选择;供选择的事物
detain [dI5teIn]v.拘留,
in a nutshell [5nQtFel]简括地,简言之；简要地说
felony [5felEnI]n.[律]重罪
rehabilitate [ri:hE5bIlIteIt]v. 使(身体)康复, 使复职, 使恢复名誉, 使复原
get-tough [5^et 5tQf]adj.强硬的
concede[kEn5si:d]v.勉强, 承认
brutalize[5bru:tElaIz]v.残酷地对待
detention[dI5tenF(E)n]n.拘留, 禁闭
难句突破
1．Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco.
主体句式：Minority youths are more than …
结构分析：这是一个比较长的简单句。“more than twice as likely as their white counterparts”是一种表示倍数的表达方式；“to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults”不定式短语来修饰white counterparts; “according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute”是现在分词做伴随状语；“a research center in San Francisco”是“the Justice Policy Institute”的同位语。
句子译文：据旧金山一家研究中心—司法政策研究—上周发表的一项研究结果，在加州因暴力重罪嫌疑被捕进而移交到少年法庭系统作为成人被审判的少数民族青少年的数量可能是白人少年的两倍。
题目分析
1． 答案为C，属推理判断题。作者在第一段中进行对比，目的在于引出同一性质案例因为对象不同，从而处理结果也不同这一论点。
2． 答案为B，属事实细节题。原文对应信息是：“Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are, tried as adults”。其它选项意思与原文不符。
3． 答案为A ，属猜词题。从单词所在的句子语境中，我们可以判断skyrocket与accumulate的意思相近，并且程度更强。了解到这一点就不难作出选择。
4．答案为A，属推理判断题。原文相关信息是“The system, in essence, is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities”。
5．答案为D，属情感态度题。作者通篇都在阐述司法机关对有色人种青少年的不公正待遇。
参考译文
一白人少年在他就读的郊区中学贩卖一袋可卡因。一拉丁美洲少年在其居住的市内社区也做同样的事情。两人都被抓。两人都是初犯。白人少年在其父母、牧师、知名律师陪伴下走进少年法庭—他有医疗保险；而那个拉丁美洲少年却只在他母亲陪伴下来到法庭，没有任何法律援助，也没有什么保险。法官让白人少年随家人回家，判他接受私下处理计划监管。而那位少数民族少年则别无选择。他被拘留了。
简而言之，这样的事情在少年法庭上越来越常见。据旧金山一家研究中心—司法政策研究—上周发表的一项研究结果，在加州因暴力重罪嫌疑被捕进而移交到少年法庭系统作为成人被审判的少数民族青少年的数量可能是白人少年的两倍。一旦被移交成人法庭，那些青少年黑人犯法者被送进监狱的可能性是白人的十八倍，美籍西班牙人是白人的八倍。 “司法系统对有色人种青少年的歧视每升一级都加一次码，而这些年轻人一旦以成人的身份被审判的话，这种歧视便被极度升化，达到无以复加的地步。” 这项研究的合作者丹•麦卡莱尔(Dan Macallair)说，“加利福尼亚历来奉行双重标准：把犯罪的有色人种青少年投进监狱，但对犯有同等罪行的白人少年却实行教育感化。”
正当青少年犯罪率从二十世纪九十年代初期的高峰开始下降的时候，常常成为报刊头条新闻的少数民族未成年人暴力犯罪强化了公众的强硬态度。在过去六年中，四十三个州通过的法律使青少年以成人的身份受审变得更加易如反掌。1996年，美国德克萨斯州和康涅狄格州(这两个州是唯一能收集到最近一年青少年犯罪记录的州)的资料表明，在监狱服刑的所有青少年都是有色人种。司法政策研究所所长文森特•希拉迪(Vincent Schiraldi)承认，“有些青少年需要作为成人进行审判，但是他们中大多数人是可以教育感化的。”
成人监狱经常虐待这些青少年。这些人自杀的可能性是少管所的罪犯的八倍，遭到性虐待的可能性是他们的五倍。华盛顿的一个改革团体—“审判项目组织”的女发言人Jenni Gainsborough认为，“这些人一旦被释放，他们往往会疯狂作案，实施更多的暴力犯罪。” 这种体系实质上是在培养职业罪犯；对有色人种而言，它起的作用更糟。
